My notes book

1. Mobilization notes 2. Gait 3. Crutch walking gait 4. Postural drainage

A. An introduction to pathology 1. Pathology of Anaemia

Surveys and statistics show that use of drugs, smoking and alcohol has been on the rise especially among the youth. This is really a cause of concern as it could result in many harmful effects.  SMOKING  Smoking also paves the way to hard drugs. Tobacco has been used by humans for more than 400 years.  It is smoked, chewed or used as a snuff. Tobacco contains a large number of chemicals including nicotine, an alkaloid.   Effects  of  nicotine  Nicotine stimulates adrenal gland to release adrenaline and noradrenaline hormone.  It is poured in blood, through blood circulation it reaches to different parts of body including vital organs like heart, brain and kidneys. Both adrenaline and noradrenaline raises blood pressure and increase heart rate.  Smoking is associated with increased incidence of cancers of lung, urinary bladder and throat.  Other diseases are bronchitis, emphysema, coronary heart disease, gastric ulcer, et...

   The NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science  is the best study material through which students can refer and prepare their notes for their CBSE exam. These NCERT Solutions are available chapter-wise, and students can also find answers to all the questions available in their Class 9 Science NCERT textbooks. Here, in this study material, students can find detailed explanations for all the topics, which are explained in simple language, along with examples, diagrams and a flowchart in a more accessible format. You can get the notes by click the link below  ch - 5 the fundamental unit of life Ch-8 (motion) ch-6 Tissue

You can get notes by click the link below   Ch-10 Haloalkane and haloarene

Vitamin B12 Vitamin B12 is a water soluble vitamin belongs to B-Complex group of vitamins.  It is essential for synthesis of DNA. Its deficiency can lead to impaired DNA synthesis and abnormal maturation of RBCs. It is essential for production of RBCs. It is important for metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, folic acid and proteins.  Vitamin B12 is also known as cyanocobalamin ,mainly produced by microorganisms. Structure of vitamin B12 has cobalt containing porphyrin. It is absorbed with the help of intrinsic factor, which is a protein secreted by stomach. It is carried in the plasma by B12 binding proteins called transcobalamin and is stored in liver. SOURCES OF VITAMIN B12  Liver , fish, egg, yolk ,meat, oyesters, milk, shellfish, octopus, crab, cheese and pulses are different dietary sources for vitamins B12. DEFICIENCY  It is may be because of  PERNICIOUS ANAEMIA : There is deficiency of intrinsic factor resulting in failure of absorption of Vitam...

Image by : merillife.com Introduction hrday rog duniya bhar mein maut ka pramukh kaaran hai. hrday rog aam taur par rakt vaahikaon ko nukasaan pahunchaate hain, aur dil ka daura, strok ya dil kee viphalata ka kaaran ban sakate hain. seedeesee ke mutaabik, sanyukt raajy amerika mein 2016 mein 382,841 mauton ke lie kaardiyovaiskular beemaaree ka kaaran banata hai-prostet kainsar (peeseee), stan kainsar ya phephadon ke kainsar se adhik Atherosclerosis etherosklerosis ko aapakee dhamaniyon mein pattika ke nirmaan kee visheshata hai. pattika vasa, kolestrol aur any padaarthon se banee hotee hai jo dhamaniyon mein soojan aur sakht hone ka kaaran ban sakatee hain. yah rakt pravaah ko avaruddh kar sakata hai, jisase dil ka daura ya strok ho sakata hai. etherosklerosis sirph vayaskon se jyaada prabhaavit karata hai; yah un bachchon mein bhee aam hai jinhen paarivaarik haiparakolestrolemiya (ephech) jaisee viraasat mein milee sthitiyaan hain. Blood vessels rakt vaahikaen shareer ke r...

Image credit: healthcare.net  MD is a group of genetic diseases that weaken muscles and cause them to break down. It is a degenerative disorder in which the muscles become progressively weaker, may become stiff or painful, and may have difficulty functioning, requiring assistance. This deterioration is due to the loss of the proteins that are necessary to keep muscles strong, healthy, and functional. When these proteins break down, the muscles gradually weaken and die, increasing the risk of injury. MD most commonly affects the muscles used for movement – including the muscles in the arms, legs, hands and feet. It can also affect the muscles that people use for breathing and the heart. The most common types of MD occur when there is a breakdown of the proteins needed to build muscle tissue. MD is typically diagnosed between the ages of two and five. While there is no cure for the disease, there are treatments that can help control symptoms and prolong life expectancy. D...

Image by: yilmazfatih on pixabay  Food adulteration is the act of adding inferior or another substance to food to increase its quantity, appearance, taste or price. It has various implications; it may even lead to health problems in some cases. It also poses a risk to consumers as they aren’t aware what they are actually eating. The practice of adulterating food is generally undertaken to increase profit margins by reducing the cost of production while maintaining a high selling price. This article lists several ways you can spot adulterated food and prevent it at home. Know the different types of food adulteration Adulterated food can happen at every stage of production. Here are a few examples of adulterated food: - Contamination: This occurs when one food item comes into contact with another, which is not allowed during processing. For example, a raw chicken juice coming in contact with vegetables, which are not supposed to come into contact with it. - Substitution: ...